Modelling Urban Freight: What Works, What Doesn't Work?

There are now numerous models that seek to explain urban freight patterns. Many of these models are for short-term policy but others are used for long-term planning. This paper looks at the alternative approaches that are being used for planning based modelling. Some places, such as Portland Oregon, use a relatively pragmatic approach, other cities have adopted more academic approaches. The former have particular advantages in terms of data requirements. Much depends upon the nature of the overall policies being reviewed and these differ considerably between cities. In Europe for example, there is a tendency to focus on 'public' distribution centres at the outskirts of cities

Distributed Transmission Line Phase Shifter with Loaded BST Capacitors using Thick Film Technology

A thick-film phase shifter fabricated from screenprinted ferroelectric capacitors and metallization is described. At 30 GHz a phase shift of 4º/dB at 1kV mm-1 was achieved. The phase shift less dependent on frequency than conventional transmission-line phase design

Thick Film Ferroelectric Phase Shifters using Screen Printing Technology

We report the latest development in the ferroelectric thick film technology for microwave applications. Thick film screen-printing technology has become increasingly popular due to its low production cost. Here, we report three types of phase shifter, i.e. Coplanar strip transmission line (cp-U) phase shifter, transmission line with periodically loaded ferroelectric capacitor phase shifter and reflective resonant phase shifter. All the phase shifters are screen-printed using barium strontium titanate (BST) thick film on alumina substrates. The design and experimental results of these phase shifters are presented

High Frequency Thick Film BST Ferroelectric Phase Shifter

This paper discusses the performance of a thick-film ferroelectric phase shifter at high frequency. The phase shifter is fabricated from Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) thick-films on alumina substrates using a screen-printing method, and the electrodes are patterned using direct gravure-printing. We have achieved down to 40 μm gaps between electrodes using this method. Comparison between the theoretical response and experiment results will be presented. The extracted dielectric constants of the BST material using this phase shifter is also be presented here

Cost Effective Ferroelectric Thick Film Phase Shifter Based on Screen- Printing Technology

A cost effective phase shifter technology based on ferroelectric thick film fabricated by screen-printing technology is described in this paper. As the demonstration device, a reflection-type phase shifter is designed and fabricated. At 2.2GHz to 2.6GHz band, the reflection-type phase shifter offers an average differential phase shift about 48° with a mean insertion loss of -2.4dB. The biasing DC voltage to achieve this performance is about 100V. This is the first report on screen-printed ferroelectric thick film phase shifter which offers promising device performance

Light Controlled Modulation of Gene Expression by Chemical Optoepigenetic Probes

Epigenetic gene regulation is a dynamic process orchestrated by chromatin-modifying enzymes. Many of these master regulators exert their function through covalent modification of DNA and histone proteins. Aberrant epigenetic processes have been implicated in the pathophysiology of multiple human diseases. Small-molecule inhibitors have been essential to advancing our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of epigenetic processes. However, the resolution offered by small molecules is often insufficient to manipulate epigenetic processes with high spatio-temporal control. Here, we present a novel and generalizable approach, referred to as ‘Chemo-Optical Modulation of Epigenetically-regulated Transcription’ (COMET), enabling high-resolution, optical control of epigenetic mechanisms based on photochromic inhibitors of human histone deacetylases using visible light. COMET probes may translate into novel therapeutic strategies for diseases where conditional and selective epigenome modulation is required

Increased Monocyte Turnover from Bone Marrow Correlates with Severity of SIV Encephalitis and CD163 Levels in Plasma

Cells of the myeloid lineage are significant targets for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in humans and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in monkeys. Monocytes play critical roles in innate and adaptive immunity during inflammation. We hypothesize that specific subsets of monocytes expand with AIDS and drive central nervous system (CNS) disease. Additionally, there may be expansion of cells from the bone marrow through blood with subsequent macrophage accumulation in tissues driving pathogenesis. To identify monocytes that recently emigrated from bone marrow, we used 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling in a longitudinal study of SIV-infected CD8+ T lymphocyte depleted macaques. Monocyte expansion and kinetics in blood was assessed and newly migrated monocyte/macrophages were identified within the CNS. Five animals developed rapid AIDS with differing severity of SIVE. The percentages of BrdU+ monocytes in these animals increased dramatically, early after infection, peaking at necropsy where the percentage of BrdU+ monocytes correlated with the severity of SIVE. Early analysis revealed changes in the percentages of BrdU+ monocytes between slow and rapid progressors as early as 8 days and consistently by 27 days post infection. Soluble CD163 (sCD163) in plasma correlated with the percentage of BrdU+ monocytes in blood, demonstrating a relationship between monocyte activation and expansion with disease. BrdU+ monocytes/macrophages were found within perivascular spaces and SIVE lesions. The majority (80–90%) of the BrdU+ cells were Mac387+ that were not productively infected. There was a minor population of CD68+BrdU+ cells (<10%), very few of which were infected (<1% of total BrdU+ cells). Our results suggest that an increased rate of monocyte recruitment from bone marrow into the blood correlates with rapid progression to AIDS, and the magnitude of BrdU+ monocytes correlates with the severity of SIVE